Dans la réflexion métaphysico‑théologique de Boece, fondée sur la condition préalable de l’unicité de la vérité, les termes «essentia» et «substantia» jouent un role fondamental. Avec le premier, le sénateur romain indique généralement «ce qui fait d’une chose ce qu’elle est» ; avec le second, il désigne dans la plupart des cas le sujet porteur d’accidents. Les contradictions apparentes et les échanges terminologiques ne remettent pas en cause la valeur de Boèce en tant que philosophe, ni celle de son système (...) spéculatif. (shrink)

The Rhetorimachia by Anselm of Besate is one of the most original and less understood works of the high Middle Ages. By showing his literary and philosophical competences with this fictitious ‘rhetoric battle’ against his cousin, Anselm tries to obtain a prestigious job at Emperor Henry III’s court. In a continuous, polished game with his learned readers, Anselm uses all resources of the trivium, presenting his culture in a new, secular way, which is an anticipation of the Italian cultural context (...) of the 12th century, the era of the Comuni. (shrink)

This article introduces the symposium “Toward a Philosophy of Blockchain,” which provides a philosophical contemplation of blockchain technology, the digital ledger software underlying cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin, for the secure transfer of money, assets, and information via the Internet without needing a third-party intermediary. The symposium offers philosophical scholarship on a new topic, blockchain technology, from a variety of perspectives. The philosophical themes discussed include mathematical models of reality, signification, and the sociopolitical institutions that structure human life and interaction. The (...) symposium also investigates the metaphilosophical theme of how to create a philosophy of anything, specifically a new topic such as blockchain technology. Repeated themes are identified, in all areas of philosophical inquiry, and conceptual resources are elaborated to contribute to a philosophical understanding of blockchain technology. Thus, philosophy as a metaphilosophical approach is shown to be able to provide an understanding of the conceptual, theoretical, and foundational dimensions of novelty and emergence in the world, with a particular focus on blockchain technology. (shrink)

The invention of Bitcoin in 2008 as a new type of electronic cash has arguably been one of the most radical financial innovations in the last decade. Recently, developer communities of blockchain technologies have started to turn their attention towards the issue of governance. The features of blockchain governance raise questions as to tensions that might arise between a strictly “on-chain” governance system and possible applications of “off-chain” governance. In this paper, we approach these questions by reflecting on a long-running (...) debate in legal philosophy regarding the construction of a positivist legal order. First, we argue that on-chain governance shows striking similarities with Kelsen’s notion of a positivist legal order, characterised by Schmitt as the machine that runs itself. Second, we illustrate some of the problems that emerged from the application of on-chain governance, with particular reference to a calamity in a blockchain-based system called the DAO. Third, we reflect on Schmitt’s argument that the coalescence of private interests is a vulnerability of positivist legal systems, and accordingly posit this as an inherent vulnerability of on-chain governance of existing blockchain-based systems. (shrink)

In nature validation for physiological and emotional bonding becomes a mode for supporting social connectivity. Similarly, in the blockchain ecosystem, cryptographic validation becomes the substrate for all interactions. In the dialogue between human and artificial intelligence (AI) agents, between the real and the virtual, one can distinguish threads of physical or mental entanglements allowing different modes of participation. One could even suggest that in all types of realities there exist frameworks that are to some extent equivalent and act as validation (...) mechanisms for behavioural interweaving. Relevant to our own experience as an Editorial Organism, in this issue of Technoetic Arts we explore modes of participation and collaboration through different lenses by including guest-edited sections and stand-alone articles. (shrink)

Humans typically combine linguistic and nonlinguistic information to comprehend emotions. We adopted an emotion identification Stroop task to investigate how different channels interact in emotion communication. In experiment 1, synonyms of “happy” and “sad” were spoken with happy and sad prosody. Participants had more difficulty ignoring prosody than ignoring verbal content. In experiment 2, synonyms of “happy” and “sad” were spoken with happy and sad prosody, while happy or sad faces were displayed. Accuracy was lower when two channels expressed an (...) emotion that was incongruent with the channel participants had to focus on, compared with the cross-channel congruence condition. When participants were required to focus on verbal content, accuracy was significantly lower also when prosody was incongruent with verbal content and face. This suggests that prosody biases emotional verbal content processing, even when conflicting with verbal content and face simultaneously. Implications for multimodal communication and language evolution studies are discussed. (shrink)

La crisis acontecida a partir de los avances del averroísmo latino y sus sucesivas condenaciones (particularmente la de 1277) produjo una creciente separación de razón y fe, por lo que los vínculos entre metafísica, teología natural y teología sobrenatural se volvieron cada vez más problemáticos. La doctrina escotista de la univocidad del ser tuvo como motivación tratar de superar el hiato, ya evidente, entre el conocimiento metafísico del ente y el conocimiento de Dios intentando fundar la posibilidad de este último. (...) Siglos más tarde, el pensamiento posmoderno, que asume como punto de partida la caída de la metafísica, retoma la doctrina de la univocidad con un propósito diferente: señalar que un orden metafísico de lo real es inexistente. (shrink)

Ist ein Philosophieren durch Bilder möglich? Elena Filippi betritt ein kaum erforschtes Gebiet, indem sie die Philosophie Albrecht Dürers nicht etwa in seinen Schriften, sondern in einer Reihe von bildnerischen Meisterwerken untersucht, in welchen die docta manus des Malers und Zeichners grundlegende Beiträge zu den überlieferten Fragen der Philosophie – wie sie sich insbesondere in der platonischen Tradition stellten, aber auch in der Rezeption des Nicolaus Cusanus in Nürnberg fanden – geleistet hat. Um 1500, als seine künstlerische und menschliche Bildung (...) eine erste Vollendung erreicht, beginnt Dürer, sich intensiv mit philosophischen Themen zu beschäftigen.0Der permanente Widerstreit zwischen ‚MaǑ und ‚Maßlosigkeit‘ prägt als entscheidendes ethisches Motiv Dürers Denken und wird wegweisend für seine Kunst. Darin artikuliert sich die Schlüsselfrage nach dem Wesen der Gerechtigkeit, die Dürers gesamtes Schaffen durchzieht und in der Suche nach einem möglichen einheitlichen „ grvndt“, einen Kristallisationspunkt seines philosophischen Denkens bildet.0Der Künstler Albrecht Dürer als „ philosophus“: Filippi erschließt dieses historisch und systematisch reizvolle Motiv erstmals interdisziplinär, indem sie zentrale Interpretationsansätze aus Kunstgeschichte und Philosophie miteinander verbindet. (shrink)

Contra algunas tesis que han minusvalorado el rol de la corporeidad en vistas al logro de la plenitud humana, Tomás de Aquino afirma decididamente que "el alma unida al cuerpo es más semejante a Dios2 que separada de él. Con sólidas bases bíblicas, el teólogo dominico rechaza la comprensión del cuer..

En este escrito realizaremos un aproximamiento al concepto de naturaleza, desde los primeros filósofos de la Physis hasta el Idealismo de Schelling. Para ello, seguiremos la interpretación que el pensador Merleau-Ponty realiza sobre este concepto a partir de las respuestas de Kant y Schelling al «argumento ontológico» de Descartes.

The notion of natural law was to a great extent discovered by the Greeks. Although formulated for the first time by the Stoics, there are important precedents in previous philosophers and tragic writers. Nevertheless, the coming of Christianity, by virtue of its concept of creation, brought along a different notion of God and nature. This meant a decisive change in the notion of the natural law, which we will highlight in these pages.

En este libro, los autores recorren y desentrañan de manera rigurosa los múltiples itinerarios de la recepción de la monumental obra del maestro italiano en Argentina, México, Venezuela, Brasil, España, Chile, Portugal, Uruguay y Colombia; itinerario que inició -apuntan los autores- con los debates sobre liberalismo y socialismo suscitados por los exiliados italianos y españoles antifascistas y antifranquistas en América Latina.

La notoria importancia que Eckhart da al desapego de las cosas (Gelassenheit) podría sugerir que el místico alemán desdeña la vida activa. Inversamente, Eckhart entiende que el desasimiento respecto de las creaturas es perfectamente compatible con la acción e incluso interpreta, de un modo opuesto a..

La noción de ley moral natural ha sido en buena medida descubierta por los griegos. Aunque formulada recién por los estoicos, registra importantes antecedentes en filósofos y escritores trágicos anteriores. Sin embargo, el advenimiento del cristianismo, en virtud de su concepción creacionista, compo..

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most deadly and costly chronic diseases in the world characterized by many breathing problems. The management of COPD and the prevention of exacerbations are a priority goals to improve the quality of life in patients affected by this illness. In addition, it is also crucial to improve the patients’ adherence to care which, in turn, depends on their knowledge and understanding of some factors such as the prescribed medical treatment, changes in (...) dailylife, and the process of breathing. In turn, the adherence to care leads to greater autonomy for the patient who is thus able to better manage his illness. Here we presented the application of the Model IARA in patients affected by COPD in order to achieve their autonomy in illness management which, in turn, leads to a better quality of life. IARA is an intervention program which improve the awareness and knowledge of patients with respect to both the disease and symptoms through health education. Moreover, through IARA the patients are encouraged to become more actively involved in COPD care process, also regarding drug therapy adherence. Using St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire combined with qualitative analysis, we demonstrated that IARA could be considered a useful approach in COPD management. (shrink)

El presente escrito analiza algunos lineamientos de la teoría hegeliana del reconocimiento y sus diferentes contextos a la luz de la cuestión del derecho natural y el estado de naturaleza. Específicamente, nos referiremos a los siguientes escritos: el Sistema de la Eticidad, la Filosofía del Espíritu, la Fenomenología del Espíritu y la Filosofía del Derecho.

Despite that it is commonly accepted that migraine is a disorder of the nervous system with a prominent genetic basis, it is comorbid with a plethora of medical conditions. Several studies have found bidirectional comorbidity between migraine and different disorders including neurological, psychiatric, cardio- and cerebrovascular, gastrointestinal, metaboloendocrine, and immunological conditions. Each of these has its own genetic load and shares some common characteristics with migraine. The bidirectional mechanisms that are likely to underlie this extensive comorbidity between migraine and other (...) diseases are manifold. Comorbid pathologies can induce and promote thalamocortical network dysexcitability, multi-organ transient or persistent pro-inflammatory state, and disproportionate energetic needs in a variable combination, which in turn may be causative mechanisms of the activation of an ample defensive system with includes the trigeminovascular system in conjunction with the neuroendocrine hypothalamic system. This strategy is designed to maintain brain homeostasis by regulating homeostatic needs, such as normal subcortico-cortical excitability, energy balance, osmoregulation, and emotional response. In this light, the treatment of migraine should always involves a multidisciplinary approach, aimed at identifying and, if necessary, eliminating possible risk and comorbidity factors. (shrink)

Así como en San Pablo, Heidegger cree encontrar en San Agustín la expresión de la existencia humana como acontecida históricamente y de la historia como advenir no objetivable ni dispo-nible. Esta facticidad radical del yo se muestra como propia de la experiencia protocristiana que surge con nitidez..

En el presente trabajo se desarrollarán algunos avances del grupo de investigación Feminización de la Extensión Crítica, el cual forma parte del Grupo de Trabajo Extensión crítica: teorías y prácticas en América Latina y el Caribe del Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales (CLACSO). Este grupo tiene como objetivo hacer visibles algunos invisibles que sostienen y reproducen la división social, técnica y sexual de la práctica extensionista, utilizando dos estrategias: 1- constituir la extensión universitaria en objeto de análisis y; 2- revisar (...) su corpus teórico desde las categorías propuestas por los feminismos academicistas y populares. Se presentarán algunos resultados preliminares obtenidos a partir de la lectura sintomal (leer un texto o un corpus teórico no solo por lo que dice sino también por lo que omite o silencia), lo que permite la elucidación crítica de los sesgos sexistas en el interior de las propias prácticas y construcciones teóricas para posibilitar reconceptualizaciones y aportes. Se incorpora además una nueva estrategia de abordaje: el análisis de la implicación subjetiva, para permitir el despliegue de lo opaco, para poder así actualizar la extensión crítica latinoamericana y caribeña y continuar recorriendo, con pasos renovados, los caminos de la extensión critica que ya fueran marcados por otrxs. (shrink)

Temporal regularities in speech, such as interdependencies in the timing of speech events, are thought to scaffold early acquisition of the building blocks in speech. By providing on-line clues to the location and duration of upcoming syllables, temporal structure may aid segmentation and clustering of continuous speech into separable units. This hypothesis tacitly assumes that learners exploit predictability in the temporal structure of speech. Existing measures of speech timing tend to focus on first-order regularities among adjacent units, and are overly (...) sensitive to idiosyncrasies in the data they describe. Here, we compare several statistical methods on a sample of 18 languages, testing whether syllable occurrence is predictable over time. Rather than looking for differences between languages, we aim to find across languages (using clearly defined acoustic, rather than orthographic, measures), temporal predictability in the speech signal which could be exploited by a language learner. First, we analyse distributional regularities using two novel techniques: a Bayesian ideal learner analysis, and a simple distributional measure. Second, we model higher-order temporal structure—regularities arising in an ordered series of syllable timings—testing the hypothesis that non-adjacent temporal structures may explain the gap between subjectively-perceived temporal regularities, and the absence of universally-accepted lower-order objective measures. Together, our analyses provide limited evidence for predictability at different time scales, though higher-order predictability is difficult to reliably infer. We conclude that temporal predictability in speech may well arise from a combination of individually weak perceptual cues at multiple structural levels, but is challenging to pinpoint. (shrink)

Positive Psychology has turned its attention to the study of emotions in a scientific and rigorous way. Particularly, to how emotions influence people’s health, performance, or their overall life satisfaction. Within this trend, Flow theory has established a theoretical framework that helps to promote the Flow experience. Flow state, or optimal experience, is a mental state of high concentration and enjoyment that, due to its characteristics, has been considered desirable for the development of the performing activity of performing musicians. Musicians (...) are a population prone to health problems, both psychological and physical, owing to different stressors of their training and professional activity. One of the most common problems is Musical Performance Anxiety. In this investigation, an electronic intervention program was carried out for the development of psychological self-regulation skills whose main objective was to trigger the Flow response in performing musicians and the coping mechanism for Musical Performance Anxiety. A quasi-experimental design was used with a control group in which pre- and post-measures of Flow State, Musical Performance Anxiety and, also, Social Skills were taken. Sixty-two performing musicians from different music colleges in Spain participated in the program. Results indicated that the intervention significantly improved Flow State, and Sense of Control, and decreased Music Performance Anxiety, and self-consciousness of the participants in the EG but not CG. The changes in the EG after the program showed the inverse relationship between Flow and Anxiety. Two important theoretical factors of both variables, such as worry and the feeling of lack of control, could be involved. The results are under discussion and future lines of research are proposed. (shrink)

In this text, Georges Didi-Huberman responds, in letter-form, to the critical reflections about his work formulated by Jacques Rancière in “Images Re-read: Georges Didi-Huberman’s Method.” Didi-Huberman disagrees with Rancière’s analysis that images are “passive” and that the words which accompany them are “active.” Instead, he agrees with Merleau-Ponty’s view, which postulates that any analysis of images that seeks to disentangle its elements will render the image unintelligible. In opposition to Rancière’s presentation of his work, Didi-Huberman argues that his method is (...) one of tracing the mutually entangled implications of images. Furthermore, Didi-Huberman challenges Rancière to articulate what exactly “the sensible” means when he uses the phrase “distribution of the sensible.” While Rancière distrusts the reliance on pathos and emotions when it comes to analysing images, Didi-Huberman argues that “the sensible” will always involve the body with all its pathos, emotions and gestures. (shrink)

In this text, Jacques Rancière critically discusses the work of Georges Didi-Huberman on images. He disagrees with various claims seemingly made by Didi-Huberman about images, such as that they can “take position” or that they are “active.” Rancière argues that Didi-Huberman adds another form of dialectics to the simpler form of dialectics adopted by Bertolt Brecht and Harun Farocki in their works, namely one that also involves a layering of different temporalities. However, both in Brecht’s War Primer and in Didi-Huberman’s (...) analysis of it, all the potencies credited to images as such are actually potencies of the words that accompany the images. Rancière comes to the conclusion that to “put images in motion,” as Didi-Huberman wants to do, or to regard them as being “active,” he has to put words, his own poetic and extensive writings, in motion. (shrink)

O artigo recorre aos escritos de Michel Foucault sobre a análise do discurso, para caracterizar as exigências que se impõem aos intelectuais ao adentrarem uma formação discursiva. Examinam-se as condições requeridas para se ocupar a posição de sujeito do enunciado, bem como as regras subjacentes à formação dos objetos, dos conceitos e à escolha dos temas e teorias, os quais tanto permitem como restringem as possibilidades de formação dos enunciados. A análise incide especificamente sobre os discursos da psicologia destinados aos (...) professores em formação, investigando a hipótese de que, na primeira metade do século XX, o tema do desenvolvimento tratado no âmbito da teoria da recapitulação constituiu uma estratégia recorrente para a formulação de enunciados reconhecidos como verdadeiros. Palavras-chave: Análise do discurso. Formação de professores, psicologia educacional. Estudos foucaultianos. Manuais de ensino. (shrink)

Odor and color are strongly associated. Numerous studies demonstrate consistent odor‐color associations, as well as effects of color on odor perception and language. Yet, we know little about how these associations arise. Here, we test whether language is a possible mediator of odor‐color associations, specifically whether odor‐color associations are mediated by implicit odor naming. In two experiments, we used an interference paradigm to prevent the verbalization of odors during an odor‐color matching task. If participants generate color associations subsequent to labeling (...) an odor, interfering with verbalization during the task should affect the ability to make color associations. In Experiment 1, contrary to our hypothesis, verbal interference did not affect odor‐color matches. However, since performance accuracy on the verbal interference task was high, it is possible our task did not sufficiently disrupt verbal processing. In Experiment 2, we, therefore, used an active verbal interference task, and still found no difference across interference conditions. Odor naming accuracy, odor familiarity, and odor pleasantness, however, did predict odor‐color matches. This suggests that although color associations are related to semantic factors, they are not generated by recruiting odor labels in the moment. Overall, our results do not provide evidence that language plays an online role in odor‐color associations, instead, they are consistent with the claim that language may have shaped associations during development. (shrink)

In this text, Jacques Rancière critically discusses the work of Georges Didi-Huberman on images. He disagrees with various claims seemingly made by Didi-Huberman about images, such as that they can “take position” or that they are “active.” Rancière argues that Didi-Huberman adds another form of dialectics to the simpler form of dialectics adopted by Bertolt Brecht and Harun Farocki in their works, namely one that also involves a layering of different temporalities. However, both in Brecht’s War Primer and in Didi-Huberman’s (...) analysis of it, all the potencies credited to images as such are actually potencies of the words that accompany the images. Rancière comes to the conclusion that to “put images in motion,” as Didi-Huberman wants to do, or to regard them as being “active,” he has to put words, his own poetic and extensive writings, in motion. (shrink)